在長時間耐力訓練下,因排汗會導致鈣質流失增加,若同時鈣質攝取量亦不足,恐會影響骨質健康。一篇研究結果顯示,男性大學生進行45分鐘中強度的耐力跑後,流失了約1.52公升的汗液,出汗率約2公升/時,其中鈣流失45毫克 (Bullen et al, 1999),而出汗率與環境和強度相關,一名菁英跑者在一場馬拉松賽事中,出汗率甚至達3.6公升/時 (Beis et al, 2012)。因此,長時間高強度的訓練或競賽後,仍可能會流失相當量的鈣質。
一篇隨機交叉研究,有運動習慣之停經前婦女,控制飲食鈣質攝取量約470毫克 (與國人攝取量相近),每日在餐中額外攝取400毫克的鈣錠2次,共800毫克,進行1小時中強度自行車運動,發現補充鈣錠組可以減少汗鈣流失,無補充鈣錠組則是鈣質流失量大於攝取量,產生鈣負平衡 (Martin et al, 2007)。
另外,在自行車運動前進行鈣質增補,可以降低蝕骨細胞指標濃度,但目前仍沒有長期增補對骨質影響的研究 (Haakonssen et al, 2015)。
在劇烈運動後,如馬拉松賽事,尿液鎂離子濃度會顯著增加 (Lijnen et al, 1988),且在3天快速徒步120公里後,血漿鎂濃度在徒步後的1小時、後第3天皆顯著低於徒步前 (Stendig-Lindberg et al, 1987),且在高強度間歇至力竭的無氧運動後,鎂排出量較無運動者多21%,(Deuster et al, 1987)。
Heaney, S., O’Connor, H., Gifford, J., & Naughton, G. (2010). Comparison of strategies for assessing nutritional adequacy in elite female athletes’ dietary intake. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 20(3), 245-256.
Nielsen, F. H., & Lukaski, H. C. (2006). Update on the relationship between magnesium and exercise.
Haakonssen, E. C., Ross, M. L., Knight, E. J., Cato, L. E., Nana, A., Wluka, A. E., … & Burke, L. M. (2015). The effects of a calcium-rich pre-exercise meal on biomarkers of calcium homeostasis in competitive female cyclists: a randomised crossover trial. PloS one, 10(5), e0123302.
Dunford, M., & Doyle, J. A. (2019). Nutrition for sport and exercise. Cengage Learning.
Lijnen, P., Hespel, P., Fagard, R., Lysens, R., Eynde, E. V., & Amery, A. (1988). Erythrocyte, plasma and urinary magnesium in men before and after a marathon. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 58(3), 252-256.
Martin, B. R., Davis, S., Campbell, W. W., & Weaver, C. M. (2007). Exercise and calcium supplementation: effects on calcium homeostasis in sportswomen. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 39(9), 1481-1486.
Campbell, B. (Ed.). (2020). NSCA’s guide to sport and exercise nutrition. Human Kinetics Publishers.
MacKnight, J. M. (2017). Osteopenia and osteoporosis in female athletes. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 36(4), 687-702.
Saunier, J., & Chapurlat, R. (2018). Stress fracture in athletes. Joint Bone Spine, 85(3), 307-310.
Bullen, D. B., O’Toole, M. L., & Johnson, K. C. (1999). Calcium losses resulting from an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 9(3), 275-284.
Beis, L. Y., Wright-Whyte, M., Fudge, B., Noakes, T., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2012). Drinking behaviors of elite male runners during marathon competition. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 22(3), 254-261.
Haakonssen, E. C., Ross, M. L., Knight, E. J., Cato, L. E., Nana, A., Wluka, A. E., … & Burke, L. M. (2015). The effects of a calcium-rich pre-exercise meal on biomarkers of calcium homeostasis in competitive female cyclists: a randomised crossover trial. PloS one, 10(5), e0123302.
Gropper, S. S., Smith, J. L., & Carr, T. P. (2018). Advanced nutrition and human metabolism. Cengage Learning.
Bohl, C. H., & Volpe, S. L. (2002). Magnesium and exercise. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 42(6), 533-563.
Brilla, L. R., & Haley, T. F. (1992). Effect of magnesium supplementation on strength training in humans. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 11(3), 326-329.
Lijnen, P., Hespel, P., Fagard, R., Lysens, R., Eynde, E. V., & Amery, A. (1988). Erythrocyte, plasma and urinary magnesium in men before and after a marathon. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 58(3), 252-256.
Stendig-Lindberg, G., Shapiro, Y., Epstein, Y., Galun, E., Schonberger, E., Graff, E., & Wacker, W. E. (1987). Changes in serum magnesium concentration after strenuous exercise. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 6(1), 35-40.
Deuster, P. A., Dolev, E. R. A. N., Kyle, S. B., Anderson, R. A., & Schoomaker, E. B. (1987). Magnesium homeostasis during high-intensity anaerobic exercise in men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 62(2), 545-550.
Lukaski, H. C., & Nielsen, F. H. (2002). Dietary magnesium depletion affects metabolic responses during submaximal exercise in postmenopausal women. The Journal of nutrition, 132(5), 930-935.